A comparative note on the ethnomedicinal plants used by the Kattunaikka and Paniya tribes of Nilambur forest, Malappuram district, Kerala, (India)

Author info »

Introduction

The Indian subcontinent represents one of the greatest treasures of ethnobotanical knowledge. Kerala state of India, at the southernmost boundary of the Malabar coast, has Western Ghats on the east and Arabian Sea on the west and has a land area of 38,863 Km2. Malappuram district lies in northern Kerala and is bounded on the north by Wayanad and Kozhikkode districts, on the northeast by Tamil Nadu state, on the southeast and south by Palakkad district, on the southwest by Thrissur district, on the west by the Arabian Sea and on the northwest by Kozhikode district. Nilambur, a municipality and a taluk in the Malappuram district, is situated close to the Nilgiris range of the Western Ghats on the banks of the Chaliyar river. Nilambur is inhabited by indigenous tribal groups. The scheduled tribes of Nilambur area are about 0.56% of the total population and it comes to 22,990 people. As per the 2011 census, the Kattunaikkan population was estimated at 1629 individuals, spread over 452 households. Out of the 35 scheduled tribes notified in the state, Paniyan is the most populous tribe with a population of 81,940, forming 22.5 percent of the total tribal population of the state [1].

Ethnobotanists could play very useful roles in rescuing disappearing knowledge and returning it to local communities. Several wild medicinal plants are declining in number due to the destruction and unscientific collection of plants from forests. Except for the documentation of the ethnobotanical knowledge in the Malappuram district by Thomas et al., [2-5] not much work is being done in this area. There is a very limited and scattered scientific record of the traditional medicines, used by the Kattunaikka and Paniya tribes of Malappuram district. The aim of this study was (1): To document the knowledge on ethnomedicines of Kattunaikka and Paniya tribes of Nilambur forest and (2): To find out whether traditional usages of medicinal plants by these tribals for treatment of various ailments has similarity with the uses in Ayurvedic medicine or the tribal medicinal plants were totally distinctive from Ayurveda.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The study was conducted in the Nilambur taluk of Malappuram district, Kerala (India), an area adjacent to the tropical mountain forests of Nilgiris, significant for floristic explorations. The valley is divided into three forest ranges, viz. the Nilambur range, Chungathara range and Karulai range. Geographically, the area is located approximately between 11°26’N-11°9’N latitude and 75°48’E-76°33’E longitude with altitudes ranging from 50 to 2500 m Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL). Soil is largely loamy on the ghats, but at lower elevation it is lateritic. With an annual average rainfall of over 2500 mm, spread almost throughout the year, the climate is warm humid. The temperature ranges from 17°C to 37°C.

Ethnobotanical data collection

Several field visits were conducted between 2010 and 2016 in the study areas among the Kattunaika and Paniya tribes to collect information on medicinal plants used by them using a questionnaire survey, interviews with key informants (knowledgeable elders, religious leaders and other individuals) and field observations. Interviews and discussions were conducted in Malayalam (the local language) using a checklist of topics. At the beginning of each interview the aim of the interview was explained to invoke clear and objective responses and then informants were asked for their consent. A range of ethnobotanical information including local names, habit and habitat, uses, parts used and mode of utilization of the plant were covered. Vegetation surveys and field observations were also conducted to substantiate these results. Vegetation surveys were carried out both in homesteads, in the wild and road sides to assess the distribution of the most frequently reported plant species. The collected specimens were cross-checked for their local names with the help of key informants and development agents. Botanical names were established by comparing specimens with those at the herbarium of Centre for Medicinal Plants Research (CMPR) and final identification was done after detailed laboratory studies, using stereomicroscopes and light microscopes or after consulting relevant floristic literature and their uses was carefully recorded in the field data book, Figure 1. The specimens are preserved in the CMPR herbarium. Medicinally important parts of some plants were collected and preserved in Formalin Acetic Acid (FAA) solution for further reference. Each species was checked for its Ayurvedic uses with the help of available literature like Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia of India and other books and similarity and dissimilarity in uses were analysed [6].

Figure 1: Herbarium specimens of selected ethnomedicinal plants. (1): Pancratium triflorum Roxb.; (2): Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.; (3): Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde.; (4): Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. and Thoms.; (5): Cassia fistula L.; (6): Indigofera tinctoria L.; (7): Elephantopus scaber L.; (8): Momordica charantia L.; (9): Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.; (10): Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz.; (11): Piper longum L.; (12): Asparagus racemosus Willd.; (13): Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC.; (14): Plumbago zeylanica L.; (15): Strychnos nux-vomica L.

Results and Discussion

The study revealed that the level of knowledge differs in extent among the two tribes, gender and age groups. Though not much difference was recorded between the two tribes in the number of plant species used and the number/nature of ailments mentioned by them, Paniya tribe possessed comparatively higher knowledge about ethno-botanically useful plants than the Kattunaikka in terms of number of species used for a particular ailment/condition (details on differences are mentioned under the section ethnobotanical uses). Similarly, male informants had more knowledge than women. Among the men, elders were more aware than the younger members of the community. The lack of availability of elderly informants was experienced during the study. Narayanan et al., [7] has conducted ethnobotanical studies in the Wayanadu district, Kerala and documented information on 165 edible plants used by Kattunaikka, Paniya and Kuruma tribes. They report that the Paniya tribal community possesses knowledge regarding 136 taxa of wild edible plants, with Kattunaikkas coming next with knowledge of 97 taxa and Kurumas are at the bottom of the knowledgeladder with knowledge of 42 taxa of wild edible plants. The study supports our view that Paniya community of Nilambur area is rich in their knowledge on medicinal value of plants.

Taxonomic and ethanobotanical information

The present study documented taxonomical status and ethnobotanical usages of 79 plant species belonging to 76 genera and 45 families, used by the two tribes along with botanical name, family, vernacular name, plant parts used and mode of use (Tables 1-3). According to their life form, the greatest proportion of useful plants recorded at the locality included shrubs (32%), trees (29%), herbs (28%) and climbers (11%). The four most important families in terms of their number of taxa were Fabaceae with nine, Apocynaceae with seven, Asteraceae with five and Lamiaceae with four taxa. Two families were represented by three taxa each and nine families were represented by two taxa each. Rest of the 30 families consisted of only one taxa each. Use of plants for medicinal purpose by the two tribes from a wide variety of families was a point of interest.

Table 1: List of plant species used as single plant remedies by Paniya tribes for various ailments/conditions.

Table 2: List of plant species used as single plant remedies by Kattunaikka tribes for various ailments/conditions.

Table 3: List of plant species used by Kattunaikka and Paniya tribes in combined form for various ailments/conditions.

Ethnomedicinal uses

Kattunaikka and Paniya tribes revealed their knowledge on the use of 79 medicinal plants and about 38 ailments/conditions. Paniya tribes revealed information about the use of 41 species, whereas Kattunaikkans about 43 species which are used as either single or combined forms of medicines. Five species recorded were commonly used by both the tribes. The Paniya tribes revealed information about 24 species which are used as single plant remedies, whereas Kattunaikkans described 28 species (Tables 1 and 2). Information collected from both the tribes on some combined forms of preparations for various conditions is given in Tables 3 and 4. Among the 18 species used by Paniya tribes in combined form of preparations, only one species (Rotula aquatica) was used as the single plant remedy also. In the case of Kattunaikka tribes, out of the 15 species used in combination form, one species (Desmodium gangeticum) is mentioned as single plant remedy also. Out of the five species used commonly either in single or compound form, only two species, i.e., Trigonella foenum-graceum and Curcuma longa, were commonly used by the two tribes in combination remedies (Tables 3 and 4). The species were suggested for various diseases like bronchial asthma, cardiac disorders, diabetes, diarrhoea, epilepsy, gynecological disorders, kidney stone, rheumatism, snake bite, body pain and fever.

Table 4: Some combined form of preparations used by the Paniya and Kattunaikka tribes for various conditions.

One point of interest is that there was not even a single species commonly used by the two tribes as single plant remedy for a similar condition or ailment. It was observed that for similar conditions, both the tribes used different plant species. The knowledge and information revealed by Paniya tribes were rich in terms of usage of species for various ailments/conditions compared to Kattunaikkans. In the Paniya community, the number of plants used for a similar condition/ailment was more compared to Kattunaikkan community. For example, for curing skin problems, Paniya tribes revealed use of five species, whereas the Kattunaikka tribes revealed the use of only two. In other words, Kattunaikkans described only twenty-one species for ten ailments, in place of the thirty-five species described by Paniya tribes for same number of ailments (Table 5). The case of using one species for many conditions/ailments was also rarely recorded within the Paniya tribes. For example, Paniyars use Holostemma ada-kodien for postpartum vigor and eye diseases and Indigofera tinctoria for skin diseases, against jaundice and also as a hair tonic. For about ten conditions/ailments such as diabetes, epilepsy and diarrhea, Kattunaikka tribes alone described certain remedies and for certain other conditions/ailments like piles, leprosy, jaundice and joint pain only Paniya tribes described remedies (Table 6).

Table 5: Difference in use of plants for similar ailments and conditions by Paniya and Kattunaikka tribes.

Table 6: Ailments and conditions and their remedial plants exclusively used by Paniya and Kattunaikka tribes.

Ethnobotanical survey in Mundakunnu village of Gudalur taluk, Nilgiri district of Tamil Nadu, (India) reveals that six plant species are commonly used for different ailments by the Paniya tribes from two localities. But, tribes from both places use Hemidesmus indicus as a refreshing drink or coolant [8]. Thomas et al., [3] reports ethno-veterinary uses of 30 species from the Paniyar tribes of Malappuram, in which two species, Asparagus racemosus and Elephantopus scaber are found commonly used. They also report that Paniyars have a strong tendency of keeping their traditional knowledge and techniques secret. Ramachandran et al., [9] studied the wild edible plants used by the Paniyas and Kurumbas of Western Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu and describe nine species which are used as food and also for curing various common ailments. Plant species such as Lantana camara, Momordica charantia, Cyclea peltata, Solanum anguii (Solanum violaceaum) and Phyllanthus emblica which are consumed as wild edible plants by the Paniya and Kurumba tribes of Nilgiris, were found to be used for therapeutic purpose among the Paniya tribes in our study. Prasad et al., [10] records the plants used by the Paniya and Kattunaikka tribes for the treatment of digestive system disorders in Wayanad district, Kerala and they mention certain similarities in the usage of plants among these two tribes. Only two species, Aegle marmelos and Aristolochia tagala, used by the Kattunaikka tribes of Nilambur forests for diabetes and snake bite respectively, reported in our study are used by both the tribes of Wayanad district for digestive system disorders. Amuthavalluvan [11] documents the traditional ethno-medicinal practices of Kattunayakan of southern northern Arcot district, Tamil Nadu and nearly ten medicinal species utilize by them in traditional healing system is found to be common in our report for same or different conditions. They also report the use of two or more remedies for the same disease indicating that one is superior to the other and such observation has been recorded in our study also. Out of the 32 plant species reported by Naseef et al., [12] against gynaecological problems by the Paniya tribes of Nellivayal of Wayanad district, Kerala, only one species, Holostemm ada-kodien was found commonly used by the Paniya tribes of Nilambur forest for same condition.

Ayurvedic use of ethnobotanical plants

Ayurveda, which also relies on medicinal plants for treatment, is possibly the oldest traditional medicinal system in the Indian sub-continent dating back to nearly five thousand years ago. Of the 79 species recorded in this study, 64 species (81%) were found to be used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine and 65% for similar conditions. Nearly 79% of the plants used as single plant remedies by the Paniya tribes are recorded to be used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for treating similar (73.7%) or different (26.3%) conditions (Table 1). In the case of Kattunaikka tribes 78.6% of the plants used as single plant remedies are recorded to be used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for treating similar (77%) or different (23%) conditions (Table 2). Among the 32 plants used in the combined form of drugs, 87.5% are being used in Ayurveda and similarity in use was recorded in 53.6% cases (Table 3). The Ayurvedic system of medicine has been the major medicinal system practiced in Kerala since time immemorial. The traditional medicinal practice of the tribal communities typically involves simple use of plant parts of single plants or combination of 3 or 4 items, whereas Ayurvedic formulations mostly contains combination of many medicinal plants. The observation by Rahmatullah et al., [13] that use of medicinal plants in the traditional medicine practiced by Chakma tribes in Bangladesh is having resemblance to their use in Ayurveda, supports our view. Of the 73 total plants used by Chakma tribe, the medicinal uses of 33 plants are similar to Ayurvedic uses, as reported for various Ayurvedic preparations. While documenting the tribal medicinal practices of the Deb-barma clan of the Tripura tribe, residing in Dolusora Tripura Palli of Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh, Kabir et al., [14] records that a number of the plants used by the clan healer have similar uses in Ayurveda, but differ considerably in their therapeutic uses from that reported for other tribes in Bangladesh.

According to some researcher’s traditional medicine and biomedicine may be incompatible and the use of biomedicine and biomedical concepts often displaces the use of traditional medicine and medical beliefs. In contrast, other scholars have found that traditional medicine and biomedicine can co-exist, complement and blend with each other. Giovannini et al., [15] use an econometric model and quantitative data to test the association between individual knowledge of pharmaceuticals and individual knowledge of medicinal plants in a rural indigenous community at Mexico. The results suggest that, in the study site, individual knowledge of medicinal plants and individual knowledge of pharmaceuticals co-exist in a way which might be interpreted as complementary. They conclude that social organization involves in the use of medicines from both traditional medicine and biomedicine is of particular significance and the use of pharmaceuticals alone is not associated with a decline in knowledge/use of medicinal plants.

Conclusion

The study revealed that Paniya and Kattunaikka tribes of Nilambur forest use many plants or plant parts for both internal and external applications for the treatment of various ailments in their daily life. The difference in usage of plants by same tribes occupying different localities and different tribes of the same or nearby localities was observed. The similarity and difference observed between tribal and Ayurvedic system also requires more investigation. The use of plants among these tribes reflects their interest in ethnomedicine and further investigation on unexplored species may led to the discovery of novel pharmaceutical products. Study may produce valuable information on new phytopharmaceuticals for new drug development in future towards combating various human ailments.

Acknowledgement

The Kattunaikka and Paniya tribes of Nilambur forests are the source of information and the authors are grateful to all the respondents who took part in this study and their willingness to share their valuable ethnobotanical knowledge and their whole-hearted co-operation. Ethnobotanical field work requires researchers to collaborate with government officials, scientists and local people and their support are gratefully acknowledged. Authors are thankful to management, Arya Vaidya Sala, Kottakkal and TATA Trust, Mumbai for providing the facilities for taking up the program.

References

1. Chathukulam J, Reddy MG, Rao PT, et al. An assessment and analysis of Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) in Kerala. Res Live Nat Res. 2012.

   [Google Scholar]

2. Thomas B, Aravindhan V, Maharajan M, et al. Wild edible roots and tubers and their contribution to the food security of Shola Naikans tribes of Kerala, India. J Non-Timr For Pro. 2010;17(4):449-451.

   [Google Scholar]

3. Thomas B, Rajendran A, Aravindhan V, et al. Ethnoveterinary medicines of tribe Paniyars in Kerala, India. Int J Biol Tech. 2011;2(2):72-75.

   [Google Scholar]

4. Thomas B, Mathews RP, Rajendran A, et al. The wild edible plants and its contribution to the dietary equilibrium of tribe Cholanaikkans of Nilambur forest, Western Ghats of Kerala, India. GTRP Botan Rep. 2012;1(2):8-12.

   [Google Scholar]

5. Thomas B, Mathews RP, Rajendran A, et al. Ethnobotanical observations on tribe Arnatans of Nilambur forest, Western ghats region of Kerala, India. Res Plant Biol. 2013;3(2):12-17.

   [Google Scholar]

6. Sivarajan VV, Balachandran I. Ayurvedic drugs and their plant sources. Oxford IBH. 1994.

   [Google Scholar]

7. Narayanan MR, Anilkumar N, Balakrishnan V, et al. Wild edible plants used by the Kattunaikka, Paniya and Kuruma tribes of Wayanad district, Kerala, India. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(15):3520-3529.

   [Google Scholar]

8. Manikandan PA. Folk herbal medicine: A survey on the paniya tribes of Mundakunnu village of the Nilgiri hills, South India. Anc Sci Life. 2005;25(1):21-27.

   [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

9. Ramachandran VS, Udhayavani C. Knowledge and uses of wild edible plants by Paniyas and Kurumbas of Western Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Nat Prod Res. 2013;4(4):412-418.

   [Google Scholar]

10. Prasad AD, Shyma TB, Raghavendra MP. Plants used by the tribes for the treatment of digestive system disorders in Wayanad district, Kerala. Appl Pharm Sci. 2013;3(8):171-175.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

11. Amuthavalluvan V. Ethno medicinal practices and traditional healing system of Kattunayakan in Tamilnadu: An anthropological study. Int Multidiscip Res J. 2011;1(7):47-51.

    [Google Scholar]

12. Naseef SA, Ajesh TP, Kumuthakalavalli R, et al. Study on folklore medicinal practices of Paniya tribes for gynaecological ailments. Inter J Phar Bio Sci. 2012;3(4):493-501.

    [Google Scholar]

13. Rahmatullah M, Chowdhury AR, Esha RT, et al. Ayurvedic influence on use of medicinal plants in Chakma traditional medicine. Sustain Agric AEJSA. 2012;6(2):107-112.

    [Google Scholar]

14. Kabir MH, Hasan N, Rahman MM, et al. A survey of medicinal plants used by the Deb barma clan of the Tripura tribe of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2014;10:1-28.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]

15. Giovannini P, Reyes-García V, Waldstein A, et al. Do pharmaceuticals displace local knowledge and use of medicinal plants? Estimates from a cross-sectional study in a rural indigenous community, Mexico. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(6):928-936.

    [Crossref] [Google Scholar] [PubMed]